note (GB) = bill (US)
coin
token = piece of metal used to pay when travelling by train or underground. / receipt given as a present to somebody so that he spends it as he likes
quid = a pound
buck = a dollar
fiver = a £5 note
tenner = a £10 note
cheque (GB) = check (US)
currency = money used in a country
fund = sum of money saved
funds = financial resources
finance (noun) = management of money
shares = acciones
bonds = bonos
assets = what you achieve and possess
to pay cash
to pay by cheque
to pay by credit card

draft = giro
overdraft = giro en descubierto
postal order = giro postal
money order = orden de pago
a deposit
to desposit
to withdraw
to cash a cheque
balance = money in your account
bank statement = resumen bancario
bank charges = what the bank charges for their service
interest rate
teller
clerk
safe = caja fuerte
vault = bóveda
treasury = tesoro
exchange rate
inflation
deflation

to lend
to borrow
a loan
to loan = to lend
to owe
to pay back
due = owed
overdue = vencido
a debt
expense account = viáticos
to spend on something
to invest in something
an investment
to pawn = empeñar
a pawnbroker
mortgage = hipoteca

comfortably off = rich
well-off = quite rich
badly-off = poor
wealth
poverty
your account is in red = you are in the red
to be on the red line = cover the minimum necessities
to be tight
to be penniless
to be broke
to go/be bankrupt - bankruptcy
to inherit = receive money, properties from an ancestor
heir (masculine) - heiress (feminine) = person who inherits something
to make a fortune = earn a lot of money by working
to win a fortune = win a lot of money on a bet, game, etc.
to run into debt
to be (heavily) in debt
to be up to one's ears in debt
to be broke
to be on the dole

retail = venta minorista   retailer
whole sale = venta mayorista
to buy something in bulk = comprar por bulto cerrado
to give somebody a treat
to cost (cost, cost)
to haggle over sth = ask for a lower price
to cut down = to reduce
cuts = reductions
to squander = throw away money - a squanderer
stake money = money used to bet
to pay in instalments = pay in amounts of money every month
hire purchase
at cheap rates
cheap-rate time = time when the rate is cheaper
off-peak time = time when the rate is cheaper
peak time = time when the rate is more expensive
to refund

income
expenditure
budget = presupuesto
upkeep = money needed to keep up something
economical = that doesn't spend much
economic = related to economy

cash = paper and coin money
coins = metal money
notes (UK) / bills (US) = paper money
cheque (UK) / check (US) = basically, a note to a bank to pay a certain amount to a certain person or company
IOU / Note of Hand = given when a person doesn't have sufficient cash to meet a bill. Literally: 'I owe you'.
credit cards and debit cards = with credit cards the amount spent (or charged to the card) can be paid in instalments (i.e. the total sum can be divided into smaller amounts to be paid over time). With debit cards, however, the amount must be paid in full at the end of the month. Amex 'green card' is an example.
capital = amount of total assets
reserves = money put aside for future use
funds = amount of money held or expected
currencies = the medium of exchange of countries
deposit = the money held by banks on behalf of their customers
monies = various forms of 'money'
loan = money borrowed from whatever source
debt = money owed to whatever source
subsidy = financial assistance given (sometimes) by governments to help some industries
salary = remuneration (money) paid monthly to professional workers (like solicitors (UK) / attorneys (US), doctors, etc.) Salary comes from the fact that Roman soldiers were paid part of their money in a monthly salt (sal) allowance.
wages = the weekly payment to manual workers
income = money from all sources
finance = matters concerning money
pension = money paid to the retired. Note that in English you cannot use this for any other type of payment, i.e. child support, ex-wives, etc.
maintenance = the money paid to support children and ex-wives
allowance = money paid by fathers to teenage children to allow them to buy things for themselves
rebate = a form of refund, often associated with tax adjustments
budget = a formal projection of income and spending
aid = financial assistance to less fortunate countries
fees = how self-employed / free-lance professionals receive their money. Salaries are fixed, whereas fees in a month can vary hugely.
instalment (UK) / installment (US) = a small monthly payment to reduce a larger debt
gift = money given freely as a favour to another person
donation = freely given money to a charity or political party
financial statement = a formal document showing a company's fiscal situation
shares (UK) / stocks (US) = issued by a company, and sold on the stock market, to raise cash
stake = a financial holding in a company. If you have shares in a company, then you have a stake in the company's future.
voucher = any form of pre-paid 'ticket' that allows you to buy something
bonds = issued by a company to raise cash. The bond is redeemable after a fixed period at a fixed rate of interest.
gilts (UK) / Treasury bills (US) = simply put, government bonds